Friday, May 18, 2012

华族节庆 Chinese Festivals


节庆
农历
备注
腊八节
腊月初八
原是祭祀祖先和神靈,祈求豐收、吉祥和避邪。是新年即将到来的信号。有喝臘八粥的習俗。
小年节
腊月廿三
送灶君上天,向玉皇稟告世人的善惡曲直。祭灶时把关东糖(糖瓜)、米糕、湯圓、年糕等甜食用火融化,抹在在灶神画像的嘴上,使其「嘴甜」。也开始大扫除。
除夕
腊月廿九 大年三十
全家欢聚一堂,吃罢团年饭,长辈给孩子们分发压岁钱,一家人团坐守岁。元日子时交年时刻,鞭炮齐响,辞旧岁、迎新年。
春节            ( 农历新年 )
腊月廿三 - 正月十五
春节的习俗多种多样。相傳年獸怕紅色,怕火光和怕響聲,所以人們便有貼春聯、放鞭炮、敲鑼打鼓等習俗。不同时期、不同地区、不同民族的习俗都不相同:年画、拜年、发红包、踩高跷、舞龙舞狮等。春节期间要说吉祥话,忌说不吉利的话,遇到坏事也要说吉祥话化解。一些传统不动刀、不洗澡、不打扫等。
元旦
正月初一
新年的高潮。各家焚香致礼,敬天地、祭列祖,然后依次给尊长拜年,继而同族亲友互致祝贺。
元宵节
正月十五
元宵節是农历新年的第一個月圓之夜,象徵著春天的到來,人們吃元宵、賞花燈、猜燈謎,以示祝賀。
清明节
清明
最重要的祭祀节日,是祭祖和扫墓的日子。據傳始於古代帝王將相「墓祭」之禮,後來民間亦相倣傚,於此日祭祖掃墓,歷代沿襲而成為中華民族一種固定的風俗。
端午节
五月初五
本來是夏季的一個驅除瘟疫的節日,后来变成纪念屈原的节日。有吃粽子,赛龙舟,挂菖蒲、蒿草、艾叶,薰苍术、白芷,喝雄黄酒的习俗。
七夕节        ( 乞巧节 )
七月初七
源自于牛郎與織女的传说。妇女们穿针乞巧,祈祷福禄寿活动,礼拜七姐,仪式虔诚而隆重,陈列花果、女红。
中元节 
(道教

孟兰节 
(佛教

鬼节
七月十五
相傳地獄大門打開,陰間的鬼魂會放禁出來。有子孫、後人祭祀的鬼魂回家去接受香火供養;無主孤魂就到處遊蕩,徘徊於任何人跡可至的地方找東西吃。所以人們紛紛舉行設食祭祀、誦經作法等普渡活動,以普遍超度孤魂野鬼,防止它們為禍人間,又或祈求鬼魂幫助去除疫病和保佑家宅平安。
中秋节
八月十五
中秋节的起源,大致有三种:起源于古代对月的崇拜、月下歌舞觅偶的习俗,古代秋报拜土地神的遗俗。中秋节的习俗有:祭月,赏月,吃月饼、菱角,提灯笼等。
重阳节
九月初九
重阳的源自古代农作物丰收之时祭飨天帝、祭祖,以谢天帝、祖先恩德。民间有登高的风俗。
冬至节
冬至
冬至是北半球全年中白天最短、夜晚最长的一天。中国北方吃饺子、南方吃汤圆。

Wednesday, May 16, 2012

Teacher's Day

Teacher’s Days are celebrated worldwide, yet almost all countries celebrate it on different dates. 

However, World Teachers’ Day is celebrated on 5th October since 1994, to celebrate the essential role of teachers in providing quality education at all levels, besides commemorate the anniversary of the 1966 signature of the UNESCO/ILO Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers.


Teacher’s Days in different countries are not linked to World Teachers’ Day, rather they took ground indepently, mostly to commemorate local educator, or important milestone in education.


January, 15th – Venezuela
January, 16th – Thailand
January, 29th – Spain
January, 30th – Greece ( to commemorate the Three Holy Hierarchs and Ecumenical Teachers )

February, first weekend – Mongolia
February, 28th – Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, UAE, and Yemen,
 
March, 1st – Iran
March, 7th – Albania
March, 9th – Lebanon
March, 15th – South Korea
March, 18th – Syria
March, 28th – Czech, Slovakia

April, 13th – Ecuador ( to commemorate the birth date of Juan Montalvo )
April, 30th – Paraguay

May, first Tuesday – USA
May, 2nd – Bhutan ( to commemorate the birth date of 3rd king of Buthan, Jigme Dorgi Wangchuck, who introduced modern education )
May, 6th – Jamaica
May, 15th – Mexico, Columbia ( to commemorate the appointment of San Juan Baustista de la Salle as the patron of teachers in 1950)
May, 16th – Malaysia ( to commemorate the Razak Report )

June, first Sunday – Hungary
June, 6th – Bolivia, Peru ( to commemorate the fouding of Normal School for Men )
June, 22nd – El Salvador
June, 25th – Guatemala

September, first Friday – Singapore
September, 5th – India ( to commemorate the birth date of 2nd President of India, academic philosopher Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan )
September, 10th – China, Hongkong
September, 11th – Argentina
September, 23rd – Brunei ( to commemorate the birth date of the 28th ruler of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III, “Archtect of Modern Brunei”, who introduced free education polity )
Septmeber, 28th – Taiwan

October, first Sunday – Armenia, Belarus, Ukraine
October, 1st – Uzbekistan
October, 4th – Bangladesh
October, 5th – Afghanistan, Azerbajian, Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Mauritius
October, 6th – Sri Lanka
October, 7th – Laos
October, 14th – Poland
October, 15th – Brazil ( to commemorate the regulation of elementary schools )
October, 16th – Chile ( to commemorate the founding of Teachers’ Association of Chile )
October, 29th – New Zealand
October, last Friday – Australia

November. 20th – Vietnam
November, 24th – Turkey
November, 25th – Indonesia ( to commemorate the fouding of Indonesian Teachers’ Association )

December, 1st – Panama ( to commemorate the birth date of Manuel José Hurtado, father of Panamaian education )




Sunday, May 13, 2012

Mother's Day


Mother’s Day is a celebration that honours mothers and motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society.    It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, many of these trace back to ancient festivals, like the Greek cult to Cybele, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration. 

However, the modern celebration is an American invention, and not directly descended from ancient celebrations. 


Julia Ward

Modern Mother’s Day is first inspired by Julia Ward Howe.   Born in New York, on 27th May, 1819, to Samuel Ward and Julia Rush Cutler, Julia Ward lived through the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).  After the war, Julia Ward focused her activities on the causes of pacifism and women’s suffrage. 

In 1870 she wrote her Mother’s Day Proclamation, asking women from the world to join for world’s peace.

Arise, then, women of this day!

Arise, all women who have hearts, Whether our baptism be of water or of tears!

Say firmly: "We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies, Our husbands will not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause. Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn All that we have been able to teach them of charity, mercy and patience. We, the women of one country, will be too tender of those of another country To allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs."

From the bosom of the devastated Earth a voice goes up with our own. It says: "Disarm! Disarm! The sword of murder is not the balance of justice." Blood does not wipe out dishonor, nor violence indicate possession. As men have often forsaken the plough and the anvil at the summons of war,

Let women now leave all that may be left of home for a great and earnest day of counsel.

Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead. Let them solemnly take counsel with each other as to the means Whereby the great human family can live in peace, Each bearing after his own time the sacred impress, not of Caesar, But of God.

In the name of womanhood and humanity, I earnestly ask That a general congress of women without limit of nationality May be appointed and held at someplace deemed most convenient And at the earliest period consistent with its objects, To promote the alliance of the different nationalities, The amicable settlement of international questions,

The great and general interests of peace.

On 2nd June, 1872, Julia lead a celebration in New York City.  The observation continued in Boston for about 10 years, but then died out.  

She died of pneumonia on 17th October 1910 in Portsmouth, Rhode Island.



Anna Marie Jarvis

Anna Marie Jarvis was born in Webster, West Virginia on 1st May, 1864.  She  graduated from Augusta Female Seminary ( now Mary Baldwin College ) in 1883.

Anna’s mother Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis founded Mother’s Day Work Clubs in Webster, Philippi, Pruntytown, Fetterman and Grafton to improve sanitary and health conditions.  MDWC also treated wounds, fed, and clothed both Union and Confederate soldiers with neutrality during the Civil War.

Ann Jarvis died on 9th May, 1905.  On Sunday 12th May, 1907, 2 years after her mother’s death, Anna held a memorial to her mother in the Andrew’s Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia.   On Sunday 10th May, 1908, a larger service was held in the Wanamaker Auditorium, Philadephia.  In 1909, a larger celebration was held in New York.

In 1910, Mother’s Day declared holiday in the state of West Virginia.
On 8th May, 1914, the Congress passed a law designating the 2nd Sunday in May as Mother’s day.  The Andrew’s Methodist Episcopal Church became The International Mother’s Day Shrine on 15th May, 1962, also a National Historic Landmark. 

Anna never married, and had no children.  She died in West Chester Pennsylvania on 24th November 1948.  She is recognized as the founder of the modern Mother’s Day in the USA.

In 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a stamp commemorating the holiday.

Carnations were Ann Maria Jarvis’ favourite flower.  It became a custom of wearing a carnation on Mother’s Day, a red one if one’s mother is still living, and a white one if she was dead.

Friday, May 11, 2012

Meeting of Words

as·sem·bly [uh-sem-blee] 
noun, plural as·sem·blies.
1. an assembling or coming together of a number of persons, usually for a particular purpose: The principal will speak to all the students at Friday's assembly.
2. a group of persons gathered together, usually for a particular purpose, whether religious, political, educational, or social.
3. ( often initial capital letter ) Government . a legislative body, especially the lower house of the legislature in certain states of the U.S.: a bill before the assembly; the New York State Assembly.
4. Military .
a. a signal, as by drum or bugle, for troops to fall into ranks or otherwise assemble.
b. the movement of forces, tanks, soldiers, etc., scattered by battle or battle drill, toward and into a small area.

brief·ing [bree-fing] 
noun
1. Military . a short, factual oral summary of the details of a current or projected military operation given to the participants or observers.
2. any set of concise instructions or a summary of events.

class [klas, klahs] 
noun
1. a number of persons or things regarded as forming a group by reason of common attributes, characteristics, qualities, or traits; kind; sort: a class of objects used in daily living.
2. a group of students meeting regularly to study a subject under the guidance of a teacher: The class had arrived on time for the lecture.
3. the period during which a group of students meets for instruction.
4. a meeting of a group of students for instruction.

con·fer·ence [kon-fer-uhns, -fruhns] 
noun, verb, con·fer·enced, con·fer·enc·ing.
noun
1. a meeting for consultation or discussion: a conference between a student and his adviser.
2. the act of conferring or consulting together; consultation, especially on an important or serious matter, eg. Winter Music Conference
3. Government . a meeting, as of various committees, to settle disagreements between the two branches of the legislature.
4. an association of athletic teams; league: an intercollegiate conference.
5. Ecclesiastical .
a. an official assembly of clergy or of clergy and laity, customary in many Christian denominations.
b. a group of churches whose representatives regularly meet in such an assembly.
verb (used without object)
6. to hold or participate in a conference or series of conferences.

con·gress [n. kong-gris; v. kuhn-gres, kuhng-]
noun
1. ( initial capital letter )
a. the national legislative body of the U.S., consisting of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of Representatives, or lower house, as a continuous institution.
b. this body as it exists for a period of two years during which it has the same membership: the 96th Congress.
c. a session of this body: to speak in Congress.
2. the national legislative body of a nation, especially of a republic.
3. a formal meeting or assembly of representatives for the discussion, arrangement, or promotion of some matter of common interest, eg. World Forestry Congress
4. the act of coming together; an encounter; meeting.
5. an association, especially one composed of representatives of various organizations.
6. familiar relations; dealings; intercourse.
7. coitus; sexual intercourse.

con·ven·tion [kuhn-ven-shuhn]
noun
1. a meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives or delegates, for discussion of and action on particular matters of common concern, eg. Convention of the Rights of the Children
2. U.S. Politics . a representative party assembly to nominate candidates and adopt platforms and party rules.
3. an agreement, compact, or contract.
4. an international agreement, especially one dealing with a specific matter, as postal service or copyright.
5. a rule, method, or practice established by usage; custom: the convention of showing north at the top of a map.
6. general agreement or consent; accepted usage, especially as a standard of procedure.
7. conventionalism.
8. Bridge . any of a variety of established systems or methods of bidding or playing that allows partners to convey certain information about their hands.

dis·cus·sion [dih-skuhsh-uhn] 
noun
1. an act or instance of discussing;  consideration or examination by argument, comment, etc., especially to explore solutions; informal debate.

fo·rum [fawr-uhm, fohr-uhm] 
noun, plural fo·rums, fo·ra [fawr-uh, fohr-uh]  .
1. the marketplace or public square of an ancient Roman city, the center of judicial and business affairs and a place of assembly for the people.
2. a court or tribunal: the forum of public opinion.
3. an assembly, meeting place, television program, etc., for the discussion of questions of public interest, eg. World Economic Forum
4. the Forum, the forum in the ancient city of Rome.

gath·er·ing [gath-er-ing] 
noun
1. an assembly or meeting.
2. an assemblage of people; group or crowd.
3. a collection, assemblage, or compilation of anything.
4. the act of a person or thing that gathers.
5. something that is gathered  together.

hear·ing [heer-ing] 
noun
1. the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived.
2. the act of perceiving sound.
3. opportunity to be heard: to grant a hearing.
4. an instance or a session in which testimony and arguments are presented, especially before an official, as a judge in a lawsuit.
5. a preliminary examination of the basic evidence and charges by a magistrate to determine whether criminal procedures, a trial, etc., are justified.
6. earshot: Their conversation was beyond my hearing.

in·ter·view [in-ter-vyoo] 
noun
1. a formal meeting in which one or more persons question, consult, or evaluate another person: a job interview.
2. a meeting or conversation in which a writer or reporter asks questions of one or more persons from whom material is sought for a newspaper story, television broadcast, etc.
3. the report of such a conversation or meeting.

meet·ing [mee-ting] 
noun
1. the act of coming together: a chance meeting in the park.
2. an assembly or conference of persons for a specific purpose: a ten o'clock business meeting.
3. the body of persons present at an assembly or conference: to read a report to the meeting.
4. a hostile encounter; duel.
5. an assembly for religious worship, especially of Quakers.
6. meeting house.
7. a place or point of contact; junction; union: the meeting of two roads; the meeting of the waters.

sem·i·nar [sem-uh-nahr] 
noun
1. a small group of students, as in a university, engaged in advanced study and original research under a member of the faculty and meeting regularly to exchange information and hold discussions.
2. the gathering place of such a group.
3. a meeting of such a group.
4. a course or subject of study for advanced graduate students.
5. any meeting for exchanging information and holding discussions.

sym·po·si·um [sim-poh-zee-uhm] 
noun, plural sym·po·si·ums, sym·po·si·a [-zee-uh]
1. a meeting or conference for the discussion of some subject, especially a meeting at which several speakers talk on or discuss a topic before an audience, eg. International Symposium of Mycology
2. a collection of opinions expressed or articles contributed by several persons on a given subject or topic.
3. an account of a discussion meeting or of the conversation at it.
4. (in ancient Greece and Rome) a convivial meeting, usually following a dinner, for drinking and intellectual conversation.
5. ( initial capital letter, italics ) a philosophical dialogue (4th century b.c.) by Plato, dealing with ideal love and the vision of absolute beauty.

talk [tawk] 
verb (used without object)
1. to communicate or exchange ideas, information, etc., by speaking: to talk about poetry.
2. to consult or confer: Talk with your adviser.
3. to spread a rumor or tell a confidence; gossip.
4. to chatter or prate.
5. to employ speech; perform the act of speaking: to talk very softly; to talk into a microphone.
6. to deliver a speech, lecture, etc.: The professor talked on the uses of comedy in the tragedies of Shakespeare.
7. to give or reveal confidential or incriminating information: After a long interrogation, the spy finally talked.
8. to communicate ideas by means other than speech, as by writing, signs, or signals.
9. Computers . to transmit data, as between computers or between a computer and a terminal.
10. to make sounds imitative or suggestive of speech.

work·shop [wurk-shop] 
noun
1. a room, group of rooms, or building in which work,  especially mechanical work,  is carried on.
2. a seminar, discussion group, or the like, that emphasizes exchange of ideas and the demonstration and application of techniques, skills, etc.: a theater workshop; opera workshop.

Thursday, April 5, 2012

Sarawak Flags




1841-1848
James Brooke, First White Rajah of Sarawak used swallow-tailed St.George flag



1848 – 1870
The first Sarawak flag was a half blue, half red cross on a yellow background, designed by James Brooke himself.  The half blue and half red cross was from Brooke Armorial Bearings, while yellow was the royal colour of Borneo.

This flag was first hoisted on 21st September 1848, on the British frigate Meander, of which James Brooke travelled back from England.


1870 – 1946

On 7th May 1870, Charles Brooke changed the blue colour into black.  A addition of a golden 5-pointed crown with in the center of the cross.

The flag was hoisted on 26th September 1870, during the birthday of the then Raja Muda Charles Brooke.

1963 - 1973
When Sarawak gained independence on 22nd July 1963, and joining the Federation of Malaysia on 16th September 1963, the flag remained in use until 1973.



1946 – 1963  
Sarawak flag was retained as a coat-of-arm on a Blue Ensign when Sarawak was ceded to British as Crown Colony on 1st July 1946.



1973 - 1988
The Trisakti was introduced on 31st August 1973.  It was designed by the then Chief Minister, Abdul Rahman Ya’kub. 
The blue represents unity, red is for courage and perseverance, and white represents honesty and purity.

Along with the new flag, Sarawak also adopted new state anthem and motto : Sarawak Bahagia, and “Hidup Selalu Berkhidmat



1988 – present
The flag was first hoisted during National Day parade in Kuching on 31st August 1988.
Red represent courage, determination and sacrifices of the people of Sarawak in their tireless pursuit to attain and maintain progress and esteem in the course of creating a model state ; yellow represents the supremacy of law and order, unity and stability in diversity ; black represents the rich natural resources and wealth of Sarawak, which provide the foundation for the advancement of the people ; the star represent the aspiration of the people of Sarawak in their quest to improve their quality of life ; and the nine points of the star represent 9 divisions where the people live in harmony.

Along with yet another new flag, Sarawak also adopted new state anthem and motto : Ibu Pertiwiku, and “Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti